前端跨域及解决方案

我们一般说的跨域,是在同源策略限制下,浏览器从一个域请求另一个域的资源。同源策略(SOP,Same origin policy)是浏览器的一种安全策略。也就是说,当浏览器打开A域后,在A域内如果需要访问B域的资源,如果B域不允许跨域访问,浏览器就会报禁止跨域的错误,而如果在A域中对B域的资源进行代理,浏览器 -> A域 -> 代理 -> B域,就不会出现禁止跨域的错误。

同源指的是【协议+域名+端口】都相同,否则即使两个域名指向同一个IP,也不是同源。

同源策略主要限制了以下几种场景:

  1. Cookie、LocalStorage和IndexDB的无法读取
  2. DOM和JS对象无法获得
  3. AJAX请求不能发送

常见跨域场景

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域名不同(即使是主域和子域也属于跨域)
http://www.google.com/a.js
http://map.google.com/b.js

端口不同
http://192.168.0.10:8080
http://192.168.0.10:8090

协议不同
http://192.168.0.10:8080
https://192.168.0.10:8080

域名和对应IP
http://www.tyival.com
http://192.168.0.100

常见解决方案

  1. JSONP
  2. document.domain + ifame
  3. location.hash + iframe
  4. window.name + iframe
  5. postMessage
  6. 跨域资源共享
  7. nginx代理
  8. nodejs中间件代理
  9. WebSocket协议

1. JSONP

我们在工程中经常会遇到引入在线的css、js等资源的情况,这种跨域引用是通过script标签进行实现的,这说明script标签是允许跨域的。我们可以动态创建script,再请求一个带参网址,从而实现跨域,如下:

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<script>
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.type = 'text/javascript';

// 传参并指定回调执行函数为onBack
script.src = 'http://www.domain.com:8080/login?user=admin&callback=onBack';
document.head.appendChild(script);

// 回调执行函数
function onBack(res) {
// 此处可以获取到类似 {"status": true, "data": ""} 的结果
}
</script>

从以上代码可以看到,JSONP有一个最大缺点——只能创建GET请求

2. document.domain + iframe

此方案只适用于主域相同,子域不同的场景。主要原理是两个页面都用js强制设置document.domain为主域,就实现了同源。

  • 父窗口
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<!-- http://www.domain.com/a.html -->
<iframe id="iframe" src="http://child.domain.com/b.html"></iframe>
<script>
document.domain = 'domain.com';
var user = 'admin';
</script>
  • 子窗口
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<!-- http://child.domain.com/b.html -->
<script>
document.domain = 'domain.com';
// 获取父窗口中变量,值为admin
console.log(window.parent.user);
</script>

3. location.hash + iframe

实现原理: a欲与b跨域相互通信,通过中间页c来实现。不同域之间利用iframe的location.hash传值,相同域之间通过js访问来通信。

具体实现:A域:a.html -> B域:b.html -> A域:c.html,a与b不同域只能通过hash值单向通信,b与c也不同域也只能单向通信,但c与a同域,所以c可通过parent.parent访问a页面所有对象。

  • a.html
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<!-- http://www.domain1.com/a.html -->
<iframe id="iframe" src="http://www.domain2.com/b.html" style="display:none;"></iframe>
<script>
var iframe = document.getElementById('iframe');

// 向b.html传hash值
setTimeout(function() {
iframe.src = iframe.src + '#user=admin';
}, 1000);

// 开放给同域c.html的回调方法
function onCallback(res) {
alert('data from c.html ---> ' + res);
}
</script>
  • b.html
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<!-- http://www.domain2.com/b.html -->
<iframe id="iframe" src="http://www.domain1.com/c.html" style="display:none;"></iframe>
<script>
var iframe = document.getElementById('iframe');

// 监听a.html传来的hash值,再传给c.html
window.onhashchange = function () {
iframe.src = iframe.src + location.hash;
};
</script>
  • c.html
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<!-- http://www.domain1.com/c.html -->
<script>
// 监听b.html传来的hash值
window.onhashchange = function () {
// 再通过操作同域a.html的js回调,将结果传回
window.parent.parent.onCallback('hello: ' + location.hash.replace('#user=', ''));
};
</script>

4. window.name + iframe

window.name属性的独特之处:name值在不同的页面(甚至不同域名)加载后依旧存在,并且可以支持非常长的 name 值(2MB)。

  • a.html
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<!-- http://www.domain1.com/a.html -->
var proxy = function(url, callback) {
var state = 0;
var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');

// 加载跨域页面
iframe.src = url;

// onload事件会触发2次,第1次加载跨域页,并留存数据于window.name
iframe.onload = function() {
if (state === 1) {
// 第2次onload(同域proxy页)成功后,读取同域window.name中数据
callback(iframe.contentWindow.name);
destoryFrame();

} else if (state === 0) {
// 第1次onload(跨域页)成功后,切换到同域代理页面
iframe.contentWindow.location = 'http://www.domain1.com/proxy.html';
state = 1;
}
};

document.body.appendChild(iframe);

// 获取数据以后销毁这个iframe,释放内存;这也保证了安全(不被其他域frame js访问)
function destoryFrame() {
iframe.contentWindow.document.write('');
iframe.contentWindow.close();
document.body.removeChild(iframe);
}
};

// 请求跨域b页面数据
proxy('http://www.domain2.com/b.html', function(data){
alert(data);
});
  • proxy.html
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<!-- http://www.domain1.com/proxy.html -->
<!-- 中间代理页,与a.html同域,内容为空即可。 -->
  • b.html
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<!-- http://www.domain2.com/b.html -->
<script>
window.name = 'This is domain2 data!';
</script>

总结:通过iframe的src属性由外域转向本地域,跨域数据即由iframe的window.name从外域传递到本地域。这个就巧妙地绕过了浏览器的跨域访问限制,但同时它又是安全操作。

5. postMessage

postMessage是HTML5 XMLHttpRequest Level 2中的API,且是为数不多可以跨域操作的window属性之一,它可用于解决以下方面的问题:

  • 页面和其打开的新窗口的数据传递
  • 多窗口之间消息传递
  • 页面与嵌套的iframe消息传递
  • 上面三个场景的跨域数据传递

用法:postMessage(data,origin)方法接受两个参数
data: html5规范支持任意基本类型或可复制的对象,但部分浏览器只支持字符串,所以传参时最好用JSON.stringify()序列化。
origin: 协议+主机+端口号,也可以设置为”*”,表示可以传递给任意窗口,如果要指定和当前窗口同源的话设置为”/“。

  • a.html
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<!-- http://www.domain1.com/a.html -->
<iframe id="iframe" src="http://www.domain2.com/b.html" style="display:none;"></iframe>
<script>
var iframe = document.getElementById('iframe');
iframe.onload = function() {
var data = {
name: 'aym'
};
// 向domain2传送跨域数据
iframe.contentWindow.postMessage(JSON.stringify(data), 'http://www.domain2.com');
};

// 接受domain2返回数据
window.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
alert('data from domain2 ---> ' + e.data);
}, false);
</script>
  • b.html
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<!-- http://www.domain2.com/b.html -->
<script>
// 接收domain1的数据
window.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
alert('data from domain1 ---> ' + e.data);

var data = JSON.parse(e.data);
if (data) {
data.number = 16;

// 处理后再发回domain1
window.parent.postMessage(JSON.stringify(data), 'http://www.domain1.com');
}
}, false);
</script>

6. 跨域资源共享

通常只需要在服务端设置Access-Control-Allow-Origin为*即可,例如可以在SpringMVC拦截器里加入如下代码:

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public class CorsInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
@Override
public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse, Object o) throws Exception {
// 接受跨域访问
httpServletResponse.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
httpServletResponse.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST, GET, OPTIONS, DELETE");
httpServletResponse.setHeader("Access-Control-Max-Age", "3600");
httpServletResponse.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "x-requested-with, Authorization, Origin, Content-Type, Accept, token, apikey");
return true;
}

@Override
public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse, Object o, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {

}

@Override
public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse, Object o, Exception e) throws Exception {

}
}

但是,如果需要在跨域访问时,Request Header中带上Cookie信息,还需要进行如下设置:

前端
  • 原生ajax
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// IE8/9需用window.XDomainRequest兼容
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

// 前端设置是否带cookie
xhr.withCredentials = true;

xhr.open('post', 'http://www.domain2.com:8080/login', true);
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
xhr.send('user=admin');

xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (xhr.readyState == 4 && xhr.status == 200) {
alert(xhr.responseText);
}
};
  • jquery
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$.ajax({
...
// 前端设置是否带cookie
xhrFields: {
withCredentials: true
},
// 会让请求头中包含跨域的额外信息,但不会含cookie
crossDomain: true,
...
});
后端
  • Java后台拦截器
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// 本系统只允许来自 http://www.domain.com:port 域的请求跨域访问资源
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "http://www.domain.com:port");
// 允许ajax等跨域访问携带cookie
response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "true");
  • Nodejs后台示例:
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var http = require('http');
var server = http.createServer();
var qs = require('querystring');

server.on('request', function(req, res) {
var postData = '';

// 数据块接收中
req.addListener('data', function(chunk) {
postData += chunk;
});

// 数据接收完毕
req.addListener('end', function() {
postData = qs.parse(postData);

// 跨域后台设置
res.writeHead(200, {
// 后端允许发送Cookie
'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': 'true',
// 允许访问的域(协议+域名+端口)
'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': 'http://www.domain1.com',
// HttpOnly:脚本无法读取cookie
'Set-Cookie': 'l=a123456;Path=/;Domain=www.domain2.com;HttpOnly'
});

res.write(JSON.stringify(postData));
res.end();
});
});

server.listen('8080');
console.log('Server is running at port 8080...');

7. nginx代理

1、 nginx配置解决iconfont跨域

浏览器跨域访问js、css、img等常规静态资源被同源策略许可,但iconfont字体文件(eot|otf|ttf|woff|svg)例外,此时可在nginx的静态资源服务器中加入以下配置。

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location / {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
}
2、 nginx反向代理接口跨域

跨域原理: 同源策略是浏览器的安全策略,不是HTTP协议的一部分。服务器端调用HTTP接口只是使用HTTP协议,不会执行JS脚本,不需要同源策略,也就不存在跨越问题。

实现思路:通过nginx配置一个代理服务器(域名与domain1相同,端口不同)做跳板机,反向代理访问domain2接口,并且可以顺便修改cookie中domain信息,方便当前域cookie写入,实现跨域登录。

  • nginx具体配置
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#proxy服务器
server {
listen 81;
server_name www.domain1.com;

location / {
proxy_pass http://www.domain2.com:8080; #反向代理
proxy_cookie_domain www.domain2.com www.domain1.com; #修改cookie里域名
index index.html index.htm;

# 当用webpack-dev-server等中间件代理接口访问nignx时,此时无浏览器参与,故没有同源限制,下面的跨域配置可不启用
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin http://www.domain1.com; #当前端只跨域不带cookie时,可为*
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials true;
}
}
  • 前端代码
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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

// 前端开关:浏览器是否读写cookie
xhr.withCredentials = true;

// 访问nginx中的代理服务器
xhr.open('get', 'http://www.domain1.com:81/?user=admin', true);
xhr.send();
  • Nodejs后台
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var http = require('http');
var server = http.createServer();
var qs = require('querystring');

server.on('request', function(req, res) {
var params = qs.parse(req.url.substring(2));

// 向前台写cookie
res.writeHead(200, {
'Set-Cookie': 'l=a123456;Path=/;Domain=www.domain2.com;HttpOnly' // HttpOnly:脚本无法读取
});

res.write(JSON.stringify(params));
res.end();
});

server.listen('8080');
console.log('Server is running at port 8080...');

8. Nodejs中间件代理跨域

node中间件实现跨域代理,原理大致与nginx相同,都是通过启一个代理服务器,实现数据的转发,也可以通过设置cookieDomainRewrite参数修改响应头中cookie中域名,实现当前域的cookie写入,方便接口登录认证。

非vue框架的跨域(2次跨域)

利用node + express + http-proxy-middleware搭建一个proxy服务器。

  • 前端代码
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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

// 前端开关:浏览器是否读写cookie
xhr.withCredentials = true;

// 访问http-proxy-middleware代理服务器
xhr.open('get', 'http://www.domain1.com:3000/login?user=admin', true);
xhr.send();
  • 中间件服务器
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var express = require('express');
var proxy = require('http-proxy-middleware');
var app = express();

app.use('/', proxy({
// 代理跨域目标接口
target: 'http://www.domain2.com:8080',
changeOrigin: true,

// 修改响应头信息,实现跨域并允许带cookie
onProxyRes: function(proxyRes, req, res) {
res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', 'http://www.domain1.com');
res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Credentials', 'true');
},

// 修改响应信息中的cookie域名
cookieDomainRewrite: 'www.domain1.com' // 可以为false,表示不修改
}));

app.listen(3000);
console.log('Proxy server is listen at port 3000...');
  • Nodejs后台同(6. nginx)
2、 vue框架的跨域(1次跨域)

利用node + webpack + webpack-dev-server代理接口跨域。在开发环境下,由于vue渲染服务和接口代理服务都是webpack-dev-server同一个,所以页面与代理接口之间不再跨域,无须设置headers跨域信息了。

webpack.config.js部分配置:

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module.exports = {
entry: {},
module: {},
...
devServer: {
historyApiFallback: true,
proxy: [{
context: '/login',
target: 'http://www.domain2.com:8080', // 代理跨域目标接口
changeOrigin: true,
secure: false, // 当代理某些https服务报错时用
cookieDomainRewrite: 'www.domain1.com' // 可以为false,表示不修改
}],
noInfo: true
}
}

9. WebSocket协议跨域

WebSocket protocol是HTML5一种新的协议。它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工通信,同时允许跨域通讯,是server push技术的一种很好的实现。
原生WebSocket API使用起来不太方便,我们使用Socket.io,它很好地封装了webSocket接口,提供了更简单、灵活的接口,也对不支持webSocket的浏览器提供了向下兼容。

  • 前端代码:
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<div>user input:<input type="text"></div>
<script src="./socket.io.js"></script>
<script>
var socket = io('http://www.domain2.com:8080');

// 连接成功处理
socket.on('connect', function() {
// 监听服务端消息
socket.on('message', function(msg) {
console.log('data from server: ---> ' + msg);
});

// 监听服务端关闭
socket.on('disconnect', function() {
console.log('Server socket has closed.');
});
});

document.getElementsByTagName('input')[0].onblur = function() {
socket.send(this.value);
};
</script>
  • Nodejs socket后台:
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var http = require('http');
var socket = require('socket.io');

// 启http服务
var server = http.createServer(function(req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {
'Content-type': 'text/html'
});
res.end();
});

server.listen('8080');
console.log('Server is running at port 8080...');

// 监听socket连接
socket.listen(server).on('connection', function(client) {
// 接收信息
client.on('message', function(msg) {
client.send('hello:' + msg);
console.log('data from client: ---> ' + msg);
});

// 断开处理
client.on('disconnect', function() {
console.log('Client socket has closed.');
});

附:Java代理跨域请求

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package cn.o.utils;

import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;
import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.MultipartEntityBuilder;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.RedirectLocations;
import org.apache.http.protocol.BasicHttpContext;
import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;


public class HttpHelper {

public static JSONObject httpGet(String url){
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().
setSocketTimeout(2000).setConnectTimeout(2000).build();
httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);

try {
response = httpClient.execute(httpGet, new BasicHttpContext());

if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() != 200) {

System.out.println("request url failed, http code=" + response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()
+ ", url=" + url);
return null;
}
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
String resultStr = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

JSONObject result = JSON.parseObject(resultStr);
if (result.getInteger("errcode") == 0) {
return result;
} else {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ",return value=");
System.out.println(resultStr);
int errCode = result.getInteger("errcode");
String errMsg = result.getString("errmsg");

}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ", exception, msg=" + e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (response != null) try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

return null;
}


public static JSONObject httpPost(String url, Object data) {
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().
setSocketTimeout(2000).setConnectTimeout(2000).build();
httpPost.setConfig(requestConfig);
httpPost.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");

try {
StringEntity requestEntity = new StringEntity(JSON.toJSONString(data), "utf-8");
httpPost.setEntity(requestEntity);

response = httpClient.execute(httpPost, new BasicHttpContext());

if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() != 200) {

System.out.println("request url failed, http code=" + response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()
+ ", url=" + url);
return null;
}
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
String resultStr = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

JSONObject result = JSON.parseObject(resultStr);
if (result.getInteger("errcode") == 0) {
result.remove("errcode");
result.remove("errmsg");
return result;
} else {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ",return value=");
System.out.println(resultStr);
int errCode = result.getInteger("errcode");
String errMsg = result.getString("errmsg");
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ", exception, msg=" + e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (response != null) try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

return null;
}


public static JSONObject uploadMedia(String url, File file){
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setSocketTimeout(2000).setConnectTimeout(2000).build();
httpPost.setConfig(requestConfig);

HttpEntity requestEntity = MultipartEntityBuilder.create().addPart("media",
new FileBody(file, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, file.getName())).build();
httpPost.setEntity(requestEntity);

try {
response = httpClient.execute(httpPost, new BasicHttpContext());

if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() != 200) {

System.out.println("request url failed, http code=" + response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()
+ ", url=" + url);
return null;
}
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
String resultStr = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

JSONObject result = JSON.parseObject(resultStr);
if (result.getInteger("errcode") == 0) {
// 成功
result.remove("errcode");
result.remove("errmsg");
return result;
} else {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ",return value=");
System.out.println(resultStr);
int errCode = result.getInteger("errcode");
String errMsg = result.getString("errmsg");
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ", exception, msg=" + e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (response != null) try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

return null;
}


public static JSONObject downloadMedia(String url, String fileDir) {
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setSocketTimeout(2000).setConnectTimeout(2000).build();
httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);

try {
HttpContext localContext = new BasicHttpContext();

response = httpClient.execute(httpGet, localContext);

RedirectLocations locations = (RedirectLocations) localContext.getAttribute(HttpClientContext.REDIRECT_LOCATIONS);
if (locations != null) {
URI downloadUrl = locations.getAll().get(0);
String filename = downloadUrl.toURL().getFile();
System.out.println("downloadUrl=" + downloadUrl);
File downloadFile = new File(fileDir + File.separator + filename);
FileUtils.writeByteArrayToFile(downloadFile, EntityUtils.toByteArray(response.getEntity()));
JSONObject obj = new JSONObject();
obj.put("downloadFilePath", downloadFile.getAbsolutePath());
obj.put("httpcode", response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());



return obj;
} else {
if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() != 200) {

System.out.println("request url failed, http code=" + response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()
+ ", url=" + url);
return null;
}
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if (entity != null) {
String resultStr = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");

JSONObject result = JSON.parseObject(resultStr);
if (result.getInteger("errcode") == 0) {
// 成功
result.remove("errcode");
result.remove("errmsg");
return result;
} else {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ",return value=");
System.out.println(resultStr);
int errCode = result.getInteger("errcode");
String errMsg = result.getString("errmsg");
}
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("request url=" + url + ", exception, msg=" + e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (response != null) try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

return null;
}
}
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